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THz technology is expected to bring breakthroughs to precision oncology due to its physical properties, such as being non-ionizing radiation, sensitivity to water, and fingerprint recognition. However, its clinical application is extremely limited due to drawbacks such as shallow penetration depth, difficulty in interpretation, and sensitivity. This review examines recent interdisciplinary advancements that combine THz technology with materials science, nanotechnology, artificial intelligence (AI), computational modeling, gene editing, and microfluidic technologies to develop intelligent diagnostic and therapeutic systems capable of supporting the full oncology continuum—from tumor imaging and biomarker detection to treatment monitoring and drug delivery assessment. For example, combining THz with metamaterials or nanostructures can enhance sensitivity to trace biomarker detection; AI algorithms can quickly and accurately interpret complex spectral data for automated diagnostics; integration with microfluidics and CRISPR-based systems has led to ultra-sensitive liquid biopsy platforms. These integrated approaches not only overcome existing technological barriers but also pave the way for multifunctional therapeutic systems with practical clinical value. By promoting interdisciplinary collaboration, THz technology can be further optimized to achieve more accurate, effective, and personalized cancer care, translating its potential from basic research into real-world clinical impact.
