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About materials science biomedical applications, there are many articles available for reading, but it‘s hard to get focused on the most relevant personalized medicine methods and knowledge of the latest compilation of themes.

Here, the special issue of personalized medical materials written by Natalie Artzi, guest editor of Advanced Materials magazine,summarizes the relevant Review and Progress Report, focusing on the design of materials for treatment and diagnosis and medical biomaterials The development and manufacturing of the project aims to inspire and inspire many people to advance their research projects. The collaboration of engineers with clinicians and scientists will ultimately help improve the lives of patients and bring hope to the realization of precision medicine.

The following is a detailed classification:

Nano Diagnostic Materials

For nanodiagnostic materials , the series has three latest themes:

1. The nucleic acid structure is used as an inner cell probe for living cells

Northwestern University ChadA. Mirkin et al. Reviewed the possibility of nucleic acids as molecular probes for biochemical processes occurring in living cells.

Devleena Samanta, et al. Nucleic-AcidStructures as IntracellularProbes for Live Cells.  Advanced Materials . 2019

DOI: 10.1002 / adma.201901743

https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201901743

2.  2D nanomaterials for cancer treatment

Suzhou University Liu Zhuang and Cheng Liang and others reviewed the unique characteristics of two-dimensional nanostructures (graphene sheets and a series of crystalline heterostructures with tunable electronic and optical properties and alterable surface chemistry).

Cheng, L., Et al., 2D Nanomaterials for Cancer Theranostic Applications. Adv. Mater.2020, 32, 1902333.

https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201902333

3. The combination of  artificial intelligence and nanotechnology for precision cancer medicine

Avi Schroeder of the Israeli Institute of Technology et al. Reviewed the development of machine learning algorithms for discovering and optimizing nanomaterials for diagnostic applications and for classifying measurement results.

Omer Adir, Avi Schroeder. Et al. IntegratingArtifcial Intelligenceand Nanotechnology for Precision Cancer Medicine.  AdvancedMaterials . 2019

DOI: 10.1002 / adma.201901989

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.201901989

Delivery materials

Research on delivery materials is huge and extensive. In order to adapt to the latest developments in this field, the series focuses on the most promising series of strategies to improve the effectiveness of traditional and new therapies. In order to deliver drugs and biological agents to specific cell types, two progress reports describe the most promising pathways in nanomaterials engineering, as well as the optimal presentation and type of targeting ligands.

1.  Tumor-targeted nanoparticles for combined nucleic acid delivery

Professors John J. Green and Stephany Y. Tzeng of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine reviewed the cancer-targeted nanoparticles for combined nucleic acid delivery. The types of nucleic acids used for therapeutic applications and the obstacles and different targeting strategies that must be overcome when they are effectively delivered in cells.

HannahJ. Vaughan, Jordan J. Green, Stephany Y. Tzeng. Et al. Cancer TargetingNanoparticles for Combinatorial Nucleic Acid Delivery. Advanced Materials. 2019

DOI: 10.1002 / adma.201901081

https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201901081

2.  Ligand-mounted nanocarriers are used for precise treatment

Academician Kazunori Kataoka of the University of Tokyo and others introduced the latest development and design impact of ligand-installed nanocarriers and clinical trials, as well as the challenges and future prospects of these formulations.

Mi, P., Et al., Ligand‐Installed Nanocarriers toward Precision Therapy. Adv. Mater. 2020,32, 1902604.

https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201902604

Method of administration:

Biologics are usually delivered by injection, and drug release is based on dynamic disease changes, and other modes of administration, such as microneedle patches and oral delivery, may also be considered. As the following two articles:

1.  Innovation and transformation of glucose-responsive insulin delivery system

Professor Gu Zhen of the University of California, Los Angeles and others summarized the molecular methods used to design glucose-responsive insulin delivery systems and their transformation challenges.

Wang, J., Et al., Glucose‐Responsive Insulin and Delivery Systems: Innovation and Translation.Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1902004.

https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201902004

2.  Oral delivery of drugs for precision treatment

For gastrointestinal diseases, new formulations of nanomaterials for oral delivery enhance their resistance to the harsh environment of the intestine and allow site-specific delivery. María José Alonso and others from the University of Santiago de Compostela in Spain reviewed the current status and future prospects of oral delivery of drugs for precision therapy.

Matilde Durán-Lobato, et al. Oral Delivery of Biologics for Precision Medicine. Advanced Materials. 2019

DOI: 10.1002 / adma.201901935

https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201901935

Immunotherapy:

Recently, the prospects for immunotherapy (as evidenced by checkpoint blockade therapy and CAR-T cells recently approved by the FDA) and the identification of promising vaccine adjuvants have opened up new prospects for long-term and personalized treatment strategies.

1.  Using biological materials to regulate tumor-associated macrophages

Macrophages can also shape the immune microenvironment . Professor Suzie H. Pun of the University of Washington and others haveshown that strategies (and methods of delivery) to polarize them in situ may help to improve the therapeutic effect.

MeilynSylvestre, Suzie H. Pun. Et al. Progress on Modulating Tumor-AssociatedMacrophages with Biomaterials. Advanced Materials. 2019

DOI: 10.1002 / adma.201902007

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/adma.201902007

2.  Biomaterials for personalized cell therapy

The transmission of cells (especially patient-specific cells) rather than specific molecular factors can also affect the immune system. In a review, MIT G. Anderson et al. Showed that precision materials can deliver these cells or create a personalized protective layer to guide cell in situ activity.

Facklam, AL, et al., Biomaterials for Personalized Cell Therapy. Adv. Mater. 2020,32, 1902005.

https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201902005

3. Material for immunotherapy

In a review of materials used in immunotherapy, Samir Mitragotri and C. Wyatt Shields IV of Harvard University showed that materials can be designed for effective immunotherapy, and consider the type of immunomodulator delivered, or activate or suppress the immune system according to it Intrinsic ability.

Shields, CW, et al., Materials for Immunotherapy. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1901633.

https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201901633

In order to generate immune memory, personalized vaccines can be constructed by using biomimetic nanosystems for antibacterial and anticancer therapy. As mentioned in the following two reviews:

4.  Bionic nanotechnology is used to construct personalized vaccines

Professor Ronnie H. Fang and Professor Zhang Liangfang of the University of California, San Diego reviewed the research progress of biomimetic nano-vaccines in antibacterial and anti-cancer in recent years, and introduced their application potential in personalized treatment.

Jiarong Zhou, et al. Biomimetic Nanotechnology toward Personalized Vaccines. AdvancedMaterials. 2019

DOI: 10.1002 / adma.201901255

https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201901255

5.  Biological materials as a tool for decoding immunity

The research team of Christopher M. Jewell at the University of Maryland, Parker, USA has demonstrated the practicality of these capabilities through vaccines for immunotherapy of infectious diseases and cancer, as well as examples of immune regulation including autoimmunity and transplantation.

HaleighB. Eppler, Christopher M. Jewell. Biomaterials as Tools to DecodeImmunity. Adv. Mater., 2019.

https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201903367

6. Immunoguided biomaterials designed for mucosal cancer vaccine

However, in the absence of tissue-specific imprinted molecules, the most common vaccination routes (subcutaneous and intramuscular) can produce marginal immune protection in mucosal cancer. Natalie Artzi and others at Harvard Medical School discussed the main considerations for biomaterial design, route of administration, and antigen-adjuvant identification in the context of mucosal immunity.

Shiran Ferber, Rodrigo J. Gonzalez, Alexander M. Cryer, et al. Immunology‐Guided Biomaterial‘s Designas Mucosal Cancer Vaccine.  Adv, Mater.,  2019.

https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201903847

Scale manufacturing:

In order to transform these technologies, it is essential to expand the manufacturing scale. The three articles in this series convey the most promising personalized manufacturing methods based on the complexity of individual patients.

1. 3D printing for precision medicine

3D printing makes it possible to design precise implants used as in vitro models to screen patient-specific therapeutic agents and ultimately to design materials with specific shapes and compositions. The team of Professor Jason A. Burdick of the University of Pennsylvania The latest research progress and its application in the field of precision medicine are reviewed in detail, and the challenges and development prospects facing this field are introduced.

MargaretE. Prendergast, et al. Recent Advances in Enabling Technologies in 3D Printing for Precision Medicine. Advanced Materials. 2019

DOI: 10.1002 / adma.201902516

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.201902516

The most fascinating feature is the ability to design and manufacture biological hybrid materials that mimic the responsiveness and dynamic behavior of natural biological systems. which is:

2.  Biological hybrid materials for patient-specific treatment

Dr. Ritu Raman and Professor Robert Langer of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology introduced a series of examples to illustrate the great potential of the emerging discipline of biohybrid materials, and outlined the related to the preparation, storage, delivery and non-invasive control of these materials Technical challenges and many problems facing clinical transformation.

Raman, R., Langer, R., Biohybrid Design Gets Personal: New Materials for Patient‐SpecificTherapy. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1901969.

https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201901969

Therefore, by considering the complexity of the different building blocks that must be integrated, additive manufacturing can help achieve many sophisticated biomaterials. In addition, it can achieve design freedom, mass customization, multi-material manufacturing, and the ability to produce parts with complex geometries. As stated in the next review:

3.  Additive manufacturing of precision biological materials

Mark W. Tibbitt of the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich and others reviewed the possibility of additive manufacturing of repeatable micro-organizations for drug screening and disease modeling, personalized drug delivery systems, and customized medical devices.

Guzzi, EA, Tibbitt, MW, Additive Manufacturing of Precision Biomaterials. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1901994.

https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201901994

Conclusion:

Designing the best personalized combination therapy requires knowledge that transcends patient-specific genetic and molecular information , as well as basic knowledge of the structure and function of the building blocks of biological (nano) materials and the biological barrier and biological environment that are closest to the treatment site To understanding. On the contrary, in order to make new personalized therapies a reality, the sequence and duration of each treatment and the systematic examination of the resulting local and systemic immune responses to the route of administration becomes crucial.

The prospect of developing new equipment, better treatments, and diagnostic tests can ultimately improve patients‘ lives and decipher related underlying biological mechanisms, which makes biomedical engineers excited about their contributions to medicine. More bioengineers should seize the opportunity to collaborate with clinicians and scientists across material science, chemistry, and biology in interdisciplinary institutions . Most of the progress made in the past few years, and this series highlights people‘s hopes and expectations for the prospects of precision medicine today.

Reference source:

Advanced Materials Special Issue: Materials for Precision Medicine. 2020.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/15214095/2020/32/13